Explore molecular biology & genetics with detailed notes on DNA, RNA, gene regulation, mutations, and genetic techniques. Ideal for students and exam prep.
What is Plasmid? The term plasmid refers to a small, circular, extrachromosomal double-stranded DNA molecule that exists naturally in many bacteria, and in some archaea and eukaryotic organisms. Plasmids are physically distinct from chromosomal DNA but possess the ability to replicate independently due to their own origin of replication (Ori). These mobile genetic elements often […]
Introduction In molecular biology and biochemistry, molecular blotting is a fundamental laboratory method used to detect and analyze biological macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. The technique involves separating these molecules through electrophoresis and transferring them from a gel matrix onto a solid support membrane (commonly nitrocellulose or nylon). Once immobilized, they can be
Introduction to RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a fundamental biomolecule present in most living organisms and many viruses. It consists of a ribose sugar, phosphate backbone, and nitrogenous bases — adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) (in place of thymine in DNA). The majority of RNA is single-stranded, however there are particular
